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Article ID: 44

Article Date: 2025-09-24

Writer: Mostafa Amiri (http://rajanews.com/node/255676)

The Signs of the Reappearance (17)

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Nuclear Explosion or the Damascus Earthquake; Which Has Occurred or Will Occur?

Introduction

In the series of articles on Mahdism studies, efforts will be made, relying on Islamic traditions and narrations, to present a complete, coherent, and rational picture of the definite signs of the Reappearance and the related events. The least outcome of this effort is that researchers will be able to distinguish authentic material from unauthentic in the discussions on Mahdism and, in the position of judgment and analysis, refrain from relying on unauthentic material.

Reminder

In the fifth article, reference was made to the jurisprudential obligation of recognizing the definite signs of the Reappearance. And in the sixth article, the question was answered whether in the signs of the Reappearance, and especially in the definite signs such as the Yemeni, the Sufyani, and so on, the possibility of badaʾ—change or even non-occurrence—exists or not.
And in the seventh article, the great importance of the uprising of the Sufyani, as the greatest enemy of the Imam of the Age and the first definite sign of the Reappearance—which in some way all the definite signs of the Reappearance are connected to this sign— was addressed, and to this important point reference was made that one of the fundamental goals of the uprising of the Sufyani is the attack on Shiʿa-inhabited regions, the killing of the Shiʿa, and the assault on the holy Shiʿa centers in the land of Iraq. And the impact of this great event on the very existence of Shiʿism, and the threat that from the direction of the Sufyani targets the Shiʿa of the world, makes it necessary to examine the dimensions of this affair and to be aware of its various aspects.
In the eighth article, we introduced the characteristics of the first definite sign of the Reappearance, the Sufyani, its wide-ranging dimensions, and its relation to the events of Syria in the end times and the region of al-Sham.
And in the ninth article, the question was answered whether the Sufyani is symbolic or real. In other words, can the Sufyani be regarded as a symbol of the ruling mentality and the current opposed to Shiʿism? Or, while being considered an anti-Shiʿa current within the Islamic world, it is by no means improbable that the leader of this current would be an actual person from the family of Abu Sufyan. In the tenth article, we will elaborate on the personal, physical, and individual attributes of the greatest enemy of the Imam of the Age.
In the eleventh article, reference was made to the religion, creed, and inclination of the Sufyani toward the Western world, and the joint military pact of the Sufyani with Western civilization.
In the twelfth article, reference was made to the time of the emergence of the Sufyani in the year of the Reappearance of Imam Mahdi, and to the uprising of the Yemeni and the Khurasani, and for the first time the correct meaning and interpretation of the simultaneous emergence of these three movements (the Khurasani from Iran and the Yemeni from one side, and the Sufyani on the other side) in the Islamic world was explained.
In the thirteenth article, the period between the emergence of the Sufyani in the month of Rajab in Syria until the uprising of the Imam of the Age on ʿAshura of the month of Muharram from Mecca, and the fifteen-month interval between the emergence of the Sufyani and the Reappearance of the Imam of the Age, was established, and also reference was made to the difference between the Reappearance, the uprising, and the emergence of the Imam of the Age.
In the fourteenth article, the golden key to recognizing the Sufyani—the last ruler of Syria—and the support of the Banu Kalb clan for him, as well as the place and beginning of the probable coup of the Sufyani against the ruler of Syria in the year of the Reappearance, from the area of Wadi Yabis and the province of Daraa in southern Syria, was explained in detail, and it was also mentioned that the reference to the name ʿUthman may be an allusion and symbolic.
In the fifteenth article, reference was made to the military entry of the yellow-colored flags from the west of al-Sham into the field developments of the Syrian war, and it was also proven therein that before the Appearance, the military forces of Western countries will not enter the capital of Syria, Damascus, and that, in principle, the Westerners will not have direct military intervention in Damascus and the heart of Syria before the Appearance.
In the sixteenth article, the sinking of Damascus along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis in Syria was mentioned, and it was stated that the sinking could be interpreted as the Damascus earthquake.
Now, and in continuation of this writing, the sequence of end-times events in Syria "before the emergence of the Sufyani movement" is examined, and without any comparison or judgment, we will await the expected changes and developments mentioned in the hadith of Imam al-Baqir, which has become known as the “Hadith of Direct Facilitation (Tamheed Mubashir)”, and we will analyze these events with a futurological perspective.

Nuclear Explosion or the Damascus Earthquake; Which Has Occurred or Will Occur?

(Website Manager: In the following article, the events before the appearance of Imam Mahdi (peace be upon him) are presented based on two precious narrations from Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (PBUH), known as the “Hadith of Direct Facilitation (Tamheed Mubashir)”, as well as another narration from Imam Ali (PBUH). Therefore, it is strongly recommended to study the article “Signs of the Appearance (16)” before reading this text.)
After the disagreement between two opposing schools of thought in the land of Sham and Syria (the disagreement of two flags in Sham), there will be war and bloodshed, and after the Tremor of Sham (Rajfat Al-Sham) , and after the deployment of advanced military equipment in Syria and the shift in the balance of power between the two conflicting sides, as well as after the entry of military forces with yellow flags from western Syria, the world will await the Damascus earthquake in the next stage of events before the emergence of the Sufyani in the era of appearance.
“The Ground sinking of Damascus” along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis will occur during the conflict between the two opposing schools of thought in Syria, who are at war with each other (a village in Sham named Jabiyah will be sunk in ground). Its sign, in addition to the destruction along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis, will include damage to part of the Umayyad Grand Mosque of Damascus (with the right side of the mosque collapsing).
After that, the “claim of independence of the Syrian Kurds” will occur (a deviant group will emerge from the Turkish region), which will soon face the “attack of the Turks” (the brothers of the Turks will quickly approach until they enter the land of al-Jazira).

Rajfat Al-Sham (the Tremor of Sham) in Damascus, Syria – A Mysterious Enigma in the Era of Appearance

Now, in this article, the discussion is about “the Tremor of Sham”, a term full of mystery in the era of appearance and in the scene of field developments in Syria. If one can approach a true interpretation of the Tremor of Sham, it will be possible to identify the probable sequence of stages and events in the Sham region and Syria before the emergence of the Sufyani more accurately.
Although the two terms “Rajfa”(the Tremor) and “Khasf”( the Ground Sinking) are presented as key and decisive signs in the events before the Sufyani emergence, and although there is some consensus regarding the meaning and instance of “Khasf”, which is interpreted as the Damascus earthquake along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis, there is much disagreement regarding the term “the Tremor of Sham”, and its meaning and instance remain ambiguous. This issue casts a shadow over the analysis and study of the signs of appearance from the perspective of futurology experts.
Therefore in this article a detailed examination of the Tremor of Sham and its distinction from the Damascus sinking (the potential earthquake in Syria), along with the different viewpoints of scholars, Mahdavi experts, and futurology specialists, will be provided.

Ambiguous Points in the Interpretation of the Tremor of Sham Before the Appearance

Among the events in the land of Sham and Syria before the emergence of the Sufyani, the occurrence of “the Tremor of Sham” is included, during which more than 100,000 people will be killed. (A Tremor/earthquake will occur in Sham in which more than one hundred thousand people will perish.) This Tremor or earthquake will have the characteristic that it will be mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers in the Sham region (God will make it mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers).
However, regarding “four axes and topics”, there is disagreement and differing viewpoints among experts and futurology scholars:
• The meaning of “the Tremor” (Rajfa) and the concept of “mercy”,
• The location and place of the Tremor,
• Whether the Tremor will encompass the entire Sham region or only specific areas,
• And whether the figure of more than 100,000 represents the exact number of casualties in Sham or is merely a metaphor for the large number of deaths in the wars of Sham and Syria.
Therefore, to gain awareness of the matter in interpreting the meaning of the Tremor and its instances, it is appropriate to first examine “related and cognate hadiths” and compare them side by side. In the hadiths of Imam al-Baqir and Imam Ali, three words — “the Tremor”(Rajfa), “The Sound”(Sout) and “the Ground Sinking “(Khasf) — play a key role in the events before the Sufyani in Syria, and correct understanding and interpretation of them has a crucial role in recognizing the subsequent stages.
At the same time, these key terms are a point of debate and scholarly discussion among experts, Mahdavi scholars, and futurology specialists.
Further explanation:
In a narration from Imam Ali (PBUH), “the Tremor” is mentioned in the Sham region without specifying a particular location:
“When two armies engage in battle in the land of Sham and Syria, one of the great signs of God will appear, and that is the Rajfa in the Sham and Syrian region, in which more than one hundred thousand people will perish, which will be mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers … then await the earthquake and sinking of the Harasta Damascus region in Syria …” ⁽¹⁾
In a narration from Imam al-Baqir (PBUH), the word “The Sound”(Sout) is mentioned in Damascus:
“… A sound will be blown over Damascus along with victory, and an earthquake will occur in the Jabiyah area of Damascus in Syria, and part of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus will be destroyed …” ⁽²⁾
In both hadiths, after the Tremor and The Sound in Damascus, reference is made to the sinking along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis.
Now, what conclusions can be drawn by comparing the two hadiths above? What questions and ambiguities arise regarding The Tremor of Sham?
• Is “the Tremor” and the killing of more than one hundred thousand people in Imam Ali’s hadith the same as the “The Sound” of Damascus in Imam al-Baqir’s hadith?
• Is the Tremor that is mercy for the believers the same as the The Sound accompanied by victory?
• If the Tremor is interpreted as an earthquake, then what would Khasf mean?
• Does Khasf(the Ground Sinking) indicate another earthquake separate from Rajfa(the Tremor) and the destructive the Tremor, such that Syria will witness two earthquakes (Rajfa and Khasf)? That is, in the Tremor of Sham, the location of the earthquake is unspecified, but in Khasf and the subsequent earthquake, the location is specified (the Jabiyah–Harasta axis). Therefore, will we witness two earthquakes, the first being highly destructive with over 100,000 casualties, and the second (Khasf) in a limited area, about 10 kilometers apart along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis?

Will the Tremor of Sham Be an Earthquake?

Two major viewpoints have been proposed regarding this:
1. Some, such as Allameh Kourani, believe that the meaning of “Rajfa” should be translated as an earthquake, in which a large number of people in Syria (more than 100,000) will be killed before the Appearance. “Khasf” is also interpreted as sinking into the ground near Damascus along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis. ⁽³⁾
2. In contrast, some experts and futurology scholars emphasize that “Rajfa” in Imam Ali’s hadith is not necessarily an earthquake, and, based on the expression “The Sound” in Imam al-Baqir’s hadith, it more likely refers to an attack or aerial explosion, such as a nuclear strike. Of course, after the Tremor of Sham (nuclear aerial attack) occurs, the Khasf (earthquake) of Damascus along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis will take place. Therefore, “Rajfa” is not an earthquake but a nuclear attack that may have occurred, and “Khasf” will be the earthquake in the Jabiyah–Harasta axis that will occur in the future. ⁽⁴⁾
To clarify, it is similar to what happened during the Israeli attack on Syria amid the war between the Syrian government and the opposition on the Jomrayah military center in Mount Qasioun, Damascus, which occurred in the early hours of Friday, 05.05.2013, and is said to have been a limited nuclear-type attack. ⁽⁵⁾

Israeli nuclear airstrike on Syria in 2013

Which viewpoint is more accurate?

Determining the correct viewpoint and which perspective is more accurate is somewhat difficult. However, it seems that the second viewpoint is closer to reality. By carefully analyzing the meanings of the three words “Rajfa, Sout, and Khasf”, the second viewpoint is confirmed:

Meanings of Rajfa (the Tremor):

Any punishment that descends upon and affects a people is a the Tremor ⁽⁶⁾ that occurs from the earth towards the sky. Therefore, an event on the ground that moves upward toward the sky is called “Rajfa”, although it is sometimes said to mean earthquake.

Meanings of Khasf (the Ground Sinking):

If the earth swallows someone and they enter into it ⁽⁷⁾, it has sunk into the ground: that is, a person or object has been transferred or hidden into the earth ⁽⁸⁾, sinking with whatever is on it ⁽⁹⁾.
God causes the earth to swallow it: that is, He hides it in it ⁽¹⁰⁾.
Khasf may result from an earthquake or other reasons, and not every earthquake leads to Khasf. Because Khasf relates to the outer layer of the earth, while an earthquake relates to the interior of the earth, which may or may not reach the outer layer. The event occurs from the surface downward. Therefore, an event occurring from the surface downward and involving sinking into the ground is called Khasf.

Meanings of Earthquake:

Movement of the earth: that is, shaking or movement of the earth, whether natural or unnatural ⁽¹¹⁾.
If the earth trembles, it means it has undergone severe motion ⁽¹²⁾.
This movement occurs from the depths of the earth toward the surface; it is an action from the interior of the earth outward. Therefore, a movement from the depths toward the external surface is called an earthquake.

Is the Syrian earthquake with over 100,000 casualties certain?

Careful consideration of the meanings of the three above words shows that it cannot be stated with certainty that Rajfa will be the earthquake; other possibilities exist. Certainly not. Rajfa is an event that descends from the sky, and its effects on the earth move upward toward the sky. Meanwhile, an earthquake is an event from below, from the depths of the earth toward the surface (this movement is from the bottom to the top). Therefore, Rajfa and an earthquake have different meanings, and Rajfa is closer in meaning to The Sound(Sout).
The description of Rajfa in the Sham region as mercy for believers supports this viewpoint (God will make it mercy for the believers). Similarly, The Sound is described as victory (a sound from Damascus with triumph). This raises the question: are the Tremor of Sham and The Sound of Damascus related?
Therefore, by comparing the two hadiths of Imam Ali and Imam al-Baqir, the possibility of equating the Tremor of Sham with The Sound of Damascus should be examined.
According to the hadith of Imam Ali, Khasf(the Ground sinking) of Harasta follows Rajfa (the tremor), and according to Imam al-Baqir, Khasf of Jabiyah follows The Sound. Since it is established that the Khasf of Damascus occurs along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis, it is therefore possible that Rajfa, which is mercy for believers, corresponds to The Sound with victory.
Further explanation:
• In Imam Ali’s hadith, the Tremor of Sham is mentioned first, followed by the Tremor of Harasta; in Imam al-Baqir’s hadith, The Sound of Damascus is mentioned first, followed by Khasf of Jabiyah.
• It has been established in a previous article that the Tremor occurs along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis near the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus (Jabiyah and Harasta are approximately 10 km apart, considered a single location in seismology).
Therefore, the viewpoint that “The Sound of Damascus” is equivalent to “the Tremor of Sham” is reinforced, and the linguistic meaning of Rajfa is also closer to The Sound.
Thus, the conclusion from this comparison is: “the Tremor with mercy for believers” in Imam Ali’s hadith is the same as “The Sound with victory” in Imam al-Baqir’s hadith. And Allah knows best.
Hence, the first viewpoint (Allameh Kourani) that asserts Rajfa in the Sham and Syria with more than 100,000 casualties as an earthquake may not be correct; because Rajfa is an event that descends from the sky to the earth, and based on the meaning of Rajfa, it is closer to The Sound and aerial attack effects rather than an earthquake. In contrast, Khasf is more similar to an earthquake than to Rajfa.
The evidence that strengthens the second viewpoint further is in another hadith (Imam al-Baqir), where the word Rajfa is replaced by The Sound, which is more consistent with an aerial attack and the meaning of Rajfa. ⁽¹³⁾
Therefore, according to the second viewpoint, “Rajfa” in Imam Ali’s hadith corresponds to “The Sound” in Imam al-Baqir’s hadith, and “Khasf” along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis refers to an earthquake near these two locations in Damascus. As mentioned, Rajfa can also mean an earthquake, but it has multiple other meanings, which is a feature of Arabic, where a single word can have several meanings, and the context is crucial for determining the intended meaning, which has been clarified.
In any case, the two words “Rajfa” and “Khasf” are key and decisive signs in the events before the emergence of the Sufyani in the “Hadith of Direct Facilitation (Tamheed Mubashir)” (hadiths referring to events connected to the onset of definite signs). While there is some consensus on the meaning of Khasf as an earthquake, there is disagreement regarding the meaning and instance of “Rajfa”, which remains ambiguous.
What has circulated among the majority of the awaiting and devoted followers of Imam al-Mahdi is that a great earthquake will occur in Syria with over 100,000 deaths, based on the first viewpoint (Allameh Kourani), which, as explained in the second viewpoint, may be questionable and not correct.
Therefore, it is appropriate that the awaiting followers of Imam al-Mahdi do not consider the Tremor of Sham (Rajfat Al-Sham) and the death of more than 100,000 people in Syria as a definitive interpretation of the Tremor of Sham, because, as mentioned, there is significant disagreement regarding the meaning and interpretation of the Tremor of Sham, and, as explained in the second viewpoint, other possibilities exist. ⁽¹⁴⁾
According to the second viewpoint, the mention of more than 100,000 deaths in Syria in Rajfa is a metaphor for the large number of casualties from war and turmoil in the Sham region and Syria during the era of the Appearance and before the emergence of the Sufyani. ⁽¹⁵⁾ It does not indicate the number of deaths from an earthquake on a specific day, because, according to the second viewpoint, Rajfa will not fundamentally mean an earthquake.
Furthermore, the description of Rajfa as victory and mercy for the believers refers to the return of oppression to the opponents and enemies of the Shia, while the Shia regions and believers in the Sham front remain safe. Therefore, the Tremor of Sham does not encompass all areas of Syria, but only certain parts of the Sham region where conflicts arise between the two opposing flags and ideologies, and from which the believers and Shia of the Sham region are spared. ⁽¹⁶⁾
In any case, whatever the Tremor of Sham may be—whether an earthquake or the effects of a nuclear attack, whether it has occurred or will occur in the future—it is followed by the occurrence and expansion of mercy for the believers in the Sham region (mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers), which will also lead to greater security for the believers in the Sham region and changes in the military balance of Syria. ⁽¹⁷⁾
As there is supporting evidence in other hadiths:
"...The people of the Sham region obey the Sufyani except for those who follow the path of truth, whom God protects from the evil of emerging and accompanying the Sufyani..." ⁽¹⁸⁾
Undoubtedly, according to the Prophet’s statement, the expression “those who follow the path of truth” in the mentioned narration refers to the Shia and followers of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, corresponding to the Shia of Lebanon and Hezbollah, who, God willing, will be protected from aligning and pledging allegiance to the Sufyani’s army and the forces of disbelief and Satan at the time of the Sufyani’s emergence, as it appears. ⁽¹⁹⁾
Why will the Shia of the Sham region be safe from following the Sufyani, the last ruler of Syria? This indicates that before the presence of this wicked ruler over Syria, the Shia of the Sham region, through necessary preparations and military readiness, were able to secure their future and safety.

Rajfa Al-Sham (The Tremor of Sham) is different from Khasf (the Ground Sinking) of Damascus

It is important to note that Rajfa is different from Khasf. This means that the Tremor of Sham occurs before the Ground sinking of Damascus:
"...And that Rajfa in the Sham region and Syria is where more than one hundred thousand people perish, which is mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers..." ⁽²⁰⁾
Moreover, there is significant disagreement regarding the meaning of Rajfa, which remains ambiguous. However, the meaning of Khasf is generally interpreted as an earthquake, which, following its occurrence, destroys the Jabiyah region and parts of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus:
"...A Khasf and earthquake will occur in the Jabiyah region of Damascus in Syria, and part of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus will be destroyed..." ⁽²¹⁾

Jabiyah-Harasta axis and Umayyad Mosque in Damascus

Summary

After studying this article, you will reach the following conclusions:
1. After the conflict between two opposing ideologies in the land of Sham and Syria, war and bloodshed will occur. After the Tremor of Sham, which results in more than 100,000 deaths in the Sham region and is mercy for the believers and punishment for the disbelievers, and after the deployment of advanced military equipment to Syria and the change in the balance of power between the two conflicting sides, as well as after the entry of military forces with yellow flags from western Syria, in the stage following the events before the emergence of the Sufyani during the era of the Appearance, the world will await the Ground sinking and earthquake of Damascus. "Khasf of Damascus" will occur along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis during the conflict between the two opposing ideologies in Syria, and its signs, in addition to the destruction of areas along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis, will include the partial destruction of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, followed by the declaration of “independence of the Kurds of Syria”, which, however, will soon face an attack by the Turks.
2. This article discusses the Tremor of Sham, which will result in more than 100,000 deaths and is accompanied by mercy for the believers. Therefore, Rajfa Al-sham (the Tremor of Sham) is a mysterious term in the era of the Appearance and in the field developments in Syria. If the real interpretation of the Tremor of Sham can be approached, it is possible to get closer to the probable sequence of events and stages in the Sham region and Syria before the emergence of the Sufyani. Although the two words “Rajfa” and “Khasf” have been mentioned as key and decisive signs in the events before the emergence of the Sufyani, and although there is some consensus regarding the meaning and occurrence of Khasf—interpreted as the earthquake of Damascus along the Jabiyah–Harasta axis—there is still considerable disagreement and ambiguity regarding the meaning and occurrence of “Rajfa”, which casts a shadow on the analysis of the signs of the Appearance from the perspective of future studies experts.
3. Regarding the Tremor of Sham, two major viewpoints have been presented, and it seems that the second viewpoint may be more accurate. What has been widely circulated among the followers and enthusiasts of Imam al-Mahdi is that before the Appearance, a great earthquake will occur in Syria, killing more than 100,000 people, which is based on the first viewpoint (Allameh Kourani’s viewpoint). With the explanations provided in the second viewpoint, and considering that “Rajfa” has a meaning other than an earthquake, this claim is questioned and may not be correct. Therefore, it is inappropriate for the followers and enthusiasts of Imam al-Mahdi to interpret the Tremor of Sham (Damascus earthquake) and the death of more than 100,000 people in Syria as a definite sign before the emergence of the Sufyani, because, as mentioned, there is significant disagreement regarding the meaning and interpretation of the Tremor of Sham, as detailed in the second viewpoint. In any case, whatever the Tremor of Sham may be—whether an earthquake or a nuclear airstrike, whether it has occurred or will occur in the future—it signals the occurrence of mercy and blessings for the believers of the Sham region.
4. If the events in the Sham region and present-day Syria occur in the order mentioned in the hadith of Imam al-Baqir and within a specific time interval, and if it is proven with solid scientific evidence and authentic hadiths, this will mean that we have entered the transformations of the era of the Appearance in Syria, and responsibilities will fall upon the Shia. Therefore, recognizing these signs is a duty.
5. The final point is that in this series of writings and articles, the sequence of end-times events in Syria “before the emergence of the Sufyani” has been studied from a future studies perspective, without any interpretation or judgment, awaiting the changes and transformations mentioned in the hadith of Imam al-Baqir, known as the “Hadith of Tamheed Mubasher”. It should be noted that the occurrence of all the events mentioned in the hadith of Imam al-Baqir in Syria, in a specific time interval and in the mentioned order, constitutes three fundamental and crucial keys for entering the transformations of the era of the Appearance. Otherwise, ignoring one of these three key conditions, any hasty judgment, premature application, or rushed interpretation is entirely incorrect. As emphasized in the hadiths transmitted from the Ahl al-Bayt:
"...Those who hasten the matter of the Appearance will perish, and those who consider the Appearance near will be saved." ⁽²²⁾

Refrences

[1] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 305. Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar (Seas of Lights), vol. 52, p. 253.
[2] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 279. Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar (Seas of Lights), vol. 52, p. 237.
[3] Korani, Asr al-Zuhur (The Era of Appearance), p. 78. Korani, Masa’il Mahdawiyah Tata’allaq Bi Asr al-Zuhur (Mahdist Questions Related to the Era of Appearance), p. 92.
[4] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir, ‘Alamat al-Zuhur: Bahth fi Fiqh al-Dalala (Signs of the Appearance: Study in the Jurisprudence of Indications), vol. 2, pp. 174-193.
[5] Dam Press website, Syria Exposed to Nuclear Attack by Israel, link.
[6] Farahidi, Al-‘Ayn (The Eye), vol. 6, p. 109.
[7] Al-Azhari, Tahdhib al-Lughah (Refinement of the Language), vol. 7, p. 85.
[8] Al-Jawhari, Al-Sihah (The Correct Words), vol. 4, p. 1349.
[9] Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-‘Arab (The Tongue of the Arabs), vol. 9, p. 67.
[10] Tuhfi, Majma‘ al-Bahrayn (The Confluence of the Two Seas), vol. 5, p. 44.
[11] Tha‘alabi, Fiqh al-Lughah (The Jurisprudence of Language), vol. 1, p. 211.
[12] Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-‘Arab (The Tongue of the Arabs), vol. 11, p. 308.
[13] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir, ‘Alamat al-Zuhur: Bahth fi Fiqh al-Dalala (Signs of the Appearance: Study in the Jurisprudence of Indications), vol. 2, p. 174.
[14] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir website, Nuclear Explosion in the Levant and its Details.
[15] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir website, Masa’il wa Rudud (Questions and Answers), Question 205.
[16] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir website, Masa’il wa Rudud (Questions and Answers), Question 197.
[17] Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir, ‘Alamat al-Zuhur: Bahth fi Fiqh al-Dalala (Signs of the Appearance: Study in the Jurisprudence of Indications), vol. 2, pp. 194-198.
[18] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 305.
[19] Korani, Asr al-Zuhur (The Era of Appearance), p. 91.
[20] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 305. Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar (Seas of Lights), vol. 52, p. 253.
[21] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 279. Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar (Seas of Lights), vol. 52, p. 237.
[22] Nu‘mani, Al-Ghaybah (The Occultation), p. 197.

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